Ignoring signal integrity issues like noise, switching speed, impacts of resistance and capacitance compared to PCB and soldering, yes you could make a memory module that operates at slow speeds using a bread board. I think most hardware engineering students would have wired up memory chips on a breadboard (my school did anyway for applying memory mapped hardware), granted those weren’t to any particular PC spec.

Before you think “why doesn’t someone make open source PCB for modern RAM to help the shortage”, the shortage issue is with the memory chips that go on the PCBs, not the boards themselves. What this does mean is that someone could in theory find cheap broken memory modules and combine their working parts to make good memory modules.

As long as you do pass through of the USB device (or USB host controller), it should be fine. The VM acesses it directlty without passing through a virtualized version of the device (like what normally happens with sound, network, graphics) and the VM can even DMA to it. Down side is that the hardware isn’t visible to the host anymore, so if you pass through a GPU, it’s used exclusively by the VM, not the host. If you connect a monitor to the GPU, you see the VM, not the host. So you can only do this with hardware that is intended specifically for use within the VM. Zune management sounds like an ideal use case. See IOMMU if you’re interested in some if the tech side if it.

I had some bad g.skill DDR4 last year. I assumed it was out of warranty. Thanks for the tip!

I agree unless the backend server is including it in the response/response headers for some reason, which wouldn’t make a tool like this work in the general case. I thought maybe there was a Cloudflare API that would inadvertently leak the origin IP in an error response in some special case or something of that nature, but I’d assume they would have patched that rather quickly. I’m very curious if this tool ever worked and if so, how.

If you had a single specific host you were trying to find the origin server for, you could basically scan their ASN and well known data center, particularly the big cloud provider, IPs by sending requests to them with the desired host header to try to find an entry point (load balancer, reverse proxy, web server), but I don’t think that’s practical, particularly with a free API that (presumably) responded in a reasonable amount of time. The underlying API used by the linked script is no longer available, so I don’t know if it worked or response times.

Furthermore, a well configured system should ignore requests not originating from Cloudflare’s IPs (or use a tunnel) to prevent bypassing Cloudflare, although I’ve seen plenty not do this. Cloudflare even publishes the subnets you should allow. Easy to integrate that in to a cron type job, terraform, or other way to keep rules updated even though they’ve very rarely changed.

I was curious as to how it’s done unfortunately that repo won’t answer. All it’s doing is calling a separate http api that returns the IP. I looked quickly and didn’t find a repo for that other API.